The Jewish Experience in Venice in the Age of the Ghetto...

. Searching for the word â€Å"Ghetto† in Longman’s Dictionary of Contemporary English, it can be read the following definition: â€Å" Part of a city where people of a particular race or class, especially people who are poor, live separately from the rest of the people in the city. [†¦] Sometimes considered offensive. A part of a city where Jews were forced to live in the past † ( LD 678 ). As a result, the first general definition appears connected with the more specific example of the Jews. It seems to be particularly interesting, because it gives us a perspective of the idea of Ghetto that has been transformed and adapted to different realities, but unexpectedly it demonstrates the opposite of what was the Jewish experience of†¦show more content†¦As a result, Jews had been suspected of favouring the enemy during the war against Turkish Empire, leading in this way to the growing of feeling against themselves. Louis Wirth has the merit to have defined the Ghetto as â€Å"an historical institution with a social role†, and just like that it was. As a matter of fact, a commercial empire like Venice needed liquid capital and needed to borrow and lend; Roth suggests an even more delicate consideration, which is the fact that expelling the Jews from Venice, as it had been decided after the great victory of Christian powers on Turkish force on October 7th of 1571, â€Å"would [have] strengthen the power of the Turkish empire, as the exile from Spain had done before them† ( Roth 91 ). So ,the establishment of the Jews Ghetto that had been made in 1516 was the only mean to control the minority of Jews. They would have been also important since they were useful as merchants and as craftsmen ( another time, the economical decadence of Spain after the expulsion of thousand of Jewish craftsmen in 1492 served as an example in the making of the Venetian Laws) . Besides, the Jews community of Venice was a guide and a model in religion and legal issues, and there were a lot of remarkable scholars and intellectuals ( one above all, Leon Modena ,Show MoreRelatedJudaism : The Religious Life Of Israel1590 Words   |  7 PagesJudaism is a way of life that has been observed by the Jewish people for almost 3,300 years, starting when the ancestral Father of Israel, Abraham was chosen by God. Jews deem themselves as descendants of Abraham and Sarah, Rachel and Jacob and Leah, Zilpah and Bilhah, and Isaac and Rebekah. Orthodox Judaism is the strictest commitment to the traditional beliefs and traditions of all the Jewish observances. It originated in response to the Jewish practice introduced by the Reform movement. OrthodoxyRead MoreThe Victimization of The Jewish Culture Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesCrime Report accounts that Jewish people are affected more by hate crimes than any other religion. According to the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, â€Å"Antisemitism is the prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews†¦ can manifest itself in a number of forms, including discrimination against individuals, the dissemination of hate literature about Jewish people, arson directed against Jewish cultural or religious institutions, or organized violence against Jewish communities (pogroms)† (2011)Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesdealt with these slights the wa y he would his entire life: He turned away quietly. But Langston decided that instead of running away from the color line and hating himself for being black, like his father had, he would write about the real-life experiences of black people. He was determined to write stories about Negroes, so true that people in faraway lands would read them. James Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902, to Carolina (Carrie) Mercer Langston and James

Canadas Multicultural Dynamic - 1357 Words

Canada’s multicultural dynamic presents the country with a unique perspective unlike no other. The nation is made up of citizens with different heritages, traditions and practices that have positively integrated into Canadian society ever since the government began to acknowledge diversity within the country. This paper will argue that multiculturalism represents a qualitatively better approach to ethnic diversity than did the Canadian immigration and cultural policies that preceded it. Restricted immigration and aboriginal assimilation negatively affect the larger picture of Canadian culture in comparison to public policy supporting multiculturalism. The idea of Canada being a â€Å"multicultural† society has arguably been around since the†¦show more content†¦They had no choice in the matter and children were going to be taught how to assimilate into Canadian society. This was done through the implementation of a residential school system and therefore be forced to lose ties to a culture they knew their whole lives. They continued to be â€Å"segregated socially, silenced politically, and marginalized economically† (76). The Canadian government in this period was vested in decreasing diversity while promoting assimilation and limiting the multicultural character of Canada (Davis 70). A political shift in ideals favoring multiculturalism was necessary before the government continued to make decisions that would compromise their integrity as well as continue a developing racist and prejudiced society into the future. It was not until the 1960s when previous assimilation and limited diversity began to change. The federal decision to move away from ethnic intolerance and assimilation saw the beginnings of diversity tolerance for Canada. The government was left with no choice but to tailor their mandates around the shifting opinions of Canadians. Increasingly, â€Å"Canadians found the old policy incompatible with the liberal and democratic values of Canada† (71) along with â€Å"increased disaffection with the policies of assimilation on the part of minatory ethnic groups themselves† (71). Social standards were changing amongst the general public.Show MoreRelated Communication Technology and Canadian Identity Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagestelecommunications sector is changing at warp speed, driven by technological innovation that results in new fragmenting and regionalizing entity. I will examine some of the many forms of cultural fragmentation that take place due to the structure of Canada’s mass media industry. First I will discuss in general basic information about the Internet being a very strong communication tool and then discuss communication technology in the Canadian context. As well, identify the cultural bonding aspects ofRead MoreEssay on A True Canadian Citizen756 Words   |  4 Pageslandscapes. 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Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming, and democratic countries in the world - a dynamic mosaic of multiculturalism where people live and workRead MoreThe Canadian Mosaic vs. the U.S. Melting Pot1710 Words   |  7 Pagesattempts to shape all of their citizens into a set mold. Canadas philosophy is believed to be more effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbours. The following will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, and analyze the impact of the structures on each countrys society. Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming, and democratic countries in the world - a dynamic mosaic of multiculturalism where people live and work

Abnormal Psychology; Defining Abnormality Free Essays

Abnormal Psychology: Assignment 1- Defining abnormality Defining abnormal behaviour is one of the most difficult and provocative subjects within the field of abnormal psychology as there are a range of methodologies you can use to define abnormalities. Abnormality is a behaviour or condition that strays from what society views as normal and appropriate, consequently causing distress or harm to oneself or those around them. Due to the fact that society has changed through history when defining abnormality, we are now able to define abnormalities using many different scientific and non-scientific approaches. We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormal Psychology; Defining Abnormality or any similar topic only for you Order Now However despite the fact that abnormal behaviour can be defined in more than one way, all have their limitations; therefore generally psychologists will use a combination of the following methods when defining abnormalities. Statistical infrequency is one model used to define abnormal behaviour; abnormalities are defined by how often a certain type of behaviour occurs. How the majority of people act are usually classed as normal whereas possessing qualities and traits that are uncommon or rare are usually classed as abnormal. Despite the word abnormal invoking a feeling of negativity, displaying abnormal behaviour is not always viewed as a negative, for example the average human being would not be able to run 100 metres as quick as Usain Bolt as that kind of skill is statistically infrequent therefore according to this particular model he possesses an abnormal skill but would not be classed as having a mental disorder or in need of treatment. The major strength when using this model of defining abnormalities is that it is not subject to personal bias as the standards are set and based wholly on statistics and frequencies; how common certain behaviour is and how often it occurs. However there are many limitations when using this model, as mentioned above there are many abnormal traits that are statistically infrequent but socially desirable such as being ambidextrous, but according to this model they would be classed as having a mental disorder or in need of treatment which is not the case due to the fact they have an uncommon ability, furthermore there are abnormal traits whist being a statistically frequent type of behaviour they are socially undesirable such as depression. Another flaw is the fact that the infrequency of some behaviours differ culturally and sub-culturally as certain behaviours are socially acceptable in some cultures but not in others, also within certain cultures there maybe differences. In some African cultures being able to speak to the dead or hearing voices may be statistically infrequent but displaying these kinds of traits are viewed as a blessing therefore socially desirable whereas in the U. K if you professed to be able to speak with dead people, hearing voices or receiving messages from god you would definitely raise concerns with regards to their mental state as this kind of behaviour is statistically infrequent and socially undesirable. One way to define abnormalities is a ‘Deviation social norms’. Deviation derives from the word deviant and this is defined as irregular or unusual behaviour, social norms are the standards of acceptable behaviour set by us and society around us. Therefore deviating from the social norm is an individual or individuals who act out of character in accordance to the social norms set by society. A simple example of deviating from the social norm is rudeness or lack of politeness. Politeness is fundamental when interacting and communicating with each other positively; similarly somebody who is rude is therefore behaving in a deviant way as they are unable to interact with others according to what society expects. However as our culture also defines our social norms within society, likewise the norms we value may not be socially accepted within another culture. A good illustration of this is the contrast of social norms is the United Kingdom and places in the United Arab Emirates like Dubai, regarding public displays of affection. In the U. K we have a more relaxed opinion of public displays of affection; to a certain extent of course, whilst in Dubai it is socially unacceptable even criminal to publicly display affection even in an environment we may deem as socially acceptable such as the beach. One of the most predominant limitations is that defining abnormalities in this way may be susceptible to abuse, as social norms change through history. What may have been acceptable 50 years ago may not be acceptable now and vice versa, for instance in the case of being pregnant out of wedlock in the 1950’s, many women were sectioned and treated for a mental illness, whereas nowadays it is deemed socially acceptable to engage in sex and procreate before marriage without any reprisals or threat of institutionalisation. However if we were to define abnormal behaviour with the single model of deviating from the social norm, professionals could in turn label everyone that does not conform as mentally ill which is not always the case. ( Szasz 1974, cited in Cardwell and Flanagan, 2008, page 178) Additionally another limitation of defining abnormalities using this characteristic is cultural relativism. As we know the process of defining a deviation from the social norm is majorly influenced by our culture as it is our culture that defines what a particular norm is. For example a psychologist from the United Kingdom may have a diagnosis for an individual displaying abnormal behaviour, such as walking the streets with a gun meanwhile a psychologist in the United States of America may not. Every culture has their own social norms and within those cultures there are sub-cultures that would have their own social norms therefore the cultural relativity; whether it be cross or sub-culturally has to be taken into account when diagnosing somebody’s symptoms as abnormal. Furthermore in the DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistics Manual) there is a section that describes certain patterns of behaviour and syndromes that are specific to certain areas and places around the world. Psychologists call this ‘culture- bound syndromes’ which means that there are no universal standards when labelling individuals as abnormal, as disorders vary in conjunction to where you and the disorder originate. There is another way to define abnormal behaviour another model is ‘Failure to function adequately’. Failure to function adequately from the sufferer’s point of view manifests itself when they are unable to cope with the daily demands of life such as working, interacting with others meaningfully, therefore labelling their own behaviour as abnormal; resulting in an individual seeking medical attention. David Rosenhan Martin Seligman (1989) stated that there are a various features of abnormality other than suffering and maladaptiveness. Other features are unconventional behaviour, observer discomfort, violation of moral standards, loss of control and irrationality. However just displaying one of the above features is of no great significance, it is the presence of several that would define abnormal behaviour. (www. integratedsociopsychology. net) There are further limitations to this model when defining abnormality, as the patient or professional has to recognise the failure to function adequately is apparent, which is opinion based and may differ. For instance an individual may think their maladaptive abnormal behaviour is perfectly normal and they are coping fine, meanwhile not being able to comprehend their inability to cope, sequentially others may find their behaviour very distressing. However someone displaying adaptive, abnormal habits such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder whilst not posing a threat to themselves or society could still be classified as being abnormal due to unconventional behaviour. Showing signs of distress, irrationality and maladaptive behaviour would usually result in being classed as abnormal but this may not always be the case; for example showing signs of distress such as being depressed may be classed as abnormal behaviour but the individual may feel fine even happy. Again when showing signs of irrationality, you may be causing no harm to professing that you may be Jesus but irrational thoughts about death and killing for instance would raise concern, in turn maladaptive behaviour can be demonstrated when an individual self-harms or mutilates we would class them as portraying abnormal behaviour whereas smoking can be seen as self-harming but not enough criterion to be classed as mentally ill due to maladaptive tendencies. Cultural relativity plays a crucial part in this feature when defining abnormalities as each culture functions in different ways, hence the failure to function needs to be assessed according to their culture. For example, in the United Kingdom dogs are viewed as family members even as companions and the harming of, especially eating a dog is a criminal offense punishable by law. Therefore this behaviour would be considered abnormal; whereas in China, dogs are eaten as part of a meal and keeping a dog in the home as a pet would be viewed as abnormal behaviour in China. The standard of one culture cannot be used to judge another as the symptoms and diagnosis are dependent on the cultural ideals and standards upheld by the individual patient. Alternatively another approach used to define abnormal behaviour is ‘Deviating from ideal mental health’. This model uses the similar approach used when detecting physical illness, when diagnosing a physical illness physician’s look for signs of physical health such as regular heartbeat; normal body temperature etc. , so an absence of one of these signs would indicate illness. In 1958, Marie Jahoda through research and secondary evidence developed a theory that if physical illness can be detected by the absence of the standard ‘signs’ of health then alternatively mental health could be also. (en. wikipedia. org) The characteristics she identified as defining someone as being of ‘Ideal Mental Health’ included having an accurate view of reality, integration and ability to deal with stressful situations, capability to grow, develop and adjust, also being able to function at work and hold positive relations even the ability to love. In view of this model it shows that the absence of one the above criteria would indicate an abnormality even a potential mental condition. With all models there are limitations, according to this particular model the majority of people in general would be classed as abnormal or suffering a mental disorder of some kind as most people lack one of the criterion. Marie Jahoda did say that it was the ‘Ideal’ mental health so it would be difficult to gauge the level of abnormality depending on the amount of criterion an individual maybe lacking. For example someone could be lacking the criterion of personal growth and actualisation resulting in a lack of drive and ambition, but that individual may be completely happy even satisfied regarding the situation; according to Jahoda they would be still viewed as mentally ill rather than just unambitious and lacking motivation. Despite Marie Jahoda using a similar technique used to define physical illness, physical illness have physical causes such as a cough due to contracting a virus whereas being diagnosed as having a mental illness, atients and psychologists are not always presented with physical signs as most mental illnesses derive from trauma in life, for that reason the diagnosis of a mental illness cannot be identified in exactly the same way as a physical illness. Cultural relativism is a compelling limitation as different cultures have different ways of expressing their ‘Ideal’ mental health. For example, according to Jahoda an absence of the criterion of self-actualization would indicate the presence of a mental disorder but that is because the western world strives for individuality and acclaim, however some tribal communities in Africa and the Amazon act as a collective and concentrate on working as a group and sharing every aspect of daily life, if the Jahoda criterion was measured against an Amazonian tribe they would be deemed as mentally ill rather than being a caring tightknit community, the cross cultural differences are too much of an dominating factor. The different models described all differ in perspectives. Failure to function adequately focuses on the individual’s sense of abnormal functioning, deviating from social norm concentrates on other people’s perspective and deviating from ideal mental health is an amalgamation of the first two models without taking into account subjective feelings. The classification and definition of abnormal behaviour has many successful approaches but as a single model is not adequate enough to correctly define abnormalities, although each model definitely gives a good indication, it’s the combination of the described models commonly known as the multi-criteria approach that successfully aids psychologists in correctly defining and diagnosing abnormal behaviour correctly in a patient. References Cardwell, R. Flanagan, C. (2008) Psychology AS: The Complete Companion. Oxford University Press: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. Accessed 15. 10. 12 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marie_Jahoda Accessed 21. 10. 12 http://www. integratedsociopsychology. net/Defining_Abnormality/7’FeaturesofAbnormality’-DavidRosenhanM. html Accessed 16. 10. 12 How to cite Abnormal Psychology; Defining Abnormality, Papers

Success Factors of HeyTaxi

Question: Discuss about the Success Factors of HeyTaxi. Answer: Introduction: Today most of the people use the cab in the traditional as well as using the apps. Most of these cabs uses surge pricing policy when there is a huge demand from the clients (Cohen et al. 2016). On the other hand the unreliable public transports are also not a feasible choice for the common people to reach the destination on time. In addition to that, the cab does not provide any kind of parcel delivery services. Hey taxi can be a feasible solution to the ordinary office going people and students. The reasons behind this can be stated as; it provides the parcel delivery services to its clients with a reasonable cost, for which they do not have to hire any other agency (Rosenblat and Stark 2016). Moreover, the client can track the delivery of the parcel on real time basis. The rides provided from Hey taxi is also affordable for the people those who are finding an alternative of the conventional cabs. The reason behind this is bikes provide more mileage than the traditional cars of for every liter of fuel. Furthermore, these two wheeler taxies are capable of beating the traffic jam which is faced by the private cars and the cabs on the road on daily basis (Wirtz and Tang 2016). Contextually, it can be stated that, the availability of the bikes and riders in any region of India is high compared to the availability of the four wheeler cabs. Which makes it easy to find a ride in minimum time after it is booked on the app. The management information system can be very helpful for the organization like HeyTaxi. The MIS can help the top leadership of the organization in order to make the strategic plans to acquire customers from the market who travel through the traditional taxis and online booking cabs. In addition to that, the concepts of MIS is are also helpful in tracking the change in the demand of the customers. Thus analyzing the pitfalls of the existing cab transpiration system available in the market, HeyTaxi can set the newer targets in the market (Wirtz and Tang 2016). At the operations level, the management information system can control any of the out of control situation they may face while running the business. The integration of the information system in administration and daily operations can every useful in order to manage the riders from the different regions of any city where Heytaxi operates. Using this organization can also provide information about the rider to the specific client using the app of HeyTaxi (Rosenblat and Stark 2016). In addition to that, the managers of can also keep track about the growth or decrees in business. Using the different data analytics tools, the organization will be able to manage the demands from the different segments of the customers from difference areas of the city while expanding the business in the different parts of India. Thus as a startup the organization will be able to use the available financial and human resources in an optimized way in order to achieve the organizational goal. Using the different tools managers can reduce the waiting time for the customers after they book it from certain region of the city. In this way, the services provid ed from HeyTaxi will get better by analyzing the performance of the riders in the regions. As the company is planning to expand its business in the different parts of India, therefore it has to face different kind technical, managerial and administrative issues that it must address in order to penetrate the existing market of cabs and traditional taxies in the different regions of India (Cohen et al. 2016). The company will face completion from the existing transportation system. Like in different regions of India, there are existing transportation systems that are used by the people. This existing transportation system will act as an obstacle for the adoption of HeyTaxi by people (Rosenblat and Stark 2016). In addition to that, in the remote areas of India, the people are not able to operate the smart phones. Therefore, HeyTaxi will miss the opportunity to penetrate this market. Moreover, in case of the four wheeler taxis, the passengers are capable of carrying extra luggage in the trunk of the car (Wirtz and Tang 2016). Which would not be available in case of the two whe eler taxies, thus the passengers heading to the railway stations and airports will be missed by the riders of Heytaxi. References Cohen, P., Hahn, R., Hall, J., Levitt, S. and Metcalfe, R., 2016.Using big data to estimate consumer surplus: The case of uber(No. w22627). National Bureau of Economic Research. Power, D.J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015.Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Rosenblat, A. and Stark, L., 2016. Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Ubers Drivers.International Journal of Communication,10, p.27. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Wirtz, J. and Tang, C., 2016. Uber: Competing as Market Leader in the US versus Being a Distant Second in China. InSERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy(pp. 626-632).